Eletson v. Levona: SDNY Vacates Arbitral Award but Declines to Issue Anti-Enforcement Injunction
An arbitral award that has been vacated by a court at the seat of arbitration can almost never be enforced in other states. But the authority to determine post-vacatur enforceability rests with courts in states where enforcement is sought, not with the vacating court. In a cogent and well-reasoned opinion issued last week, Judge Lewis…
Continue ReadingRecognizing Governments, Recognition of Arbitral Awards
A company based in Barbados won an arbitral award against the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (“Venezuela”) and petitioned to have it recognized and enforced in federal court in the United States. Venezuela objected on the ground that the arbitral panel allowed the Maduro regime to replace the lawyers that represented Venezuela – even though Maduro…
Continue ReadingImmunity, Consent, and Arbitration Treaties
If a state agrees to arbitrate a dispute with a private party – through, for example, the operation of a bilateral investment treaty – and then loses the arbitration, has it waived its immunity in a suit to enforce the resulting judgment if it is a party to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement…
Continue ReadingEnforcement Deadlines for Foreign Arbitral Awards and Judgments
In a recent decision, Amaplat Mauritius Ltd. v. Zimbabwe Mining Development Corp. (2025), the D.C. Circuit held that the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act’s exceptions for implied waivers and arbitral award enforcement do not apply to proceedings to enforce foreign judgments, even when the judgment is based on an underlying arbitral award. The decision creates a…
Continue ReadingThree Questions for the Ninth Circuit in Antrix
The Supreme Court’s recent decision in CC/Devas (Mauritius) Ltd. v. Antrix Corp. Ltd. represents a minimalist response to a narrow question embedded in a procedural labyrinth. As Ingrid Brunk noted on TLB, the Court resolved no significant issue, but rather corrected an obvious mistake by the Ninth Circuit. However, the case bristles with potential. Depending…
Continue ReadingSecond Circuit Finds Provision of New York Convention Self-Executing
The Constitution’s Supremacy Clause states that “all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land,” but the U.S. Supreme Court has long distinguished between self-executing and non-self-executing treaties. Self-executing treaty provisions are effective as federal law without implementing legislation. Non-self-executing treaty…
Continue ReadingImmunity or Not? The English Court of Appeal Decides
In the United Kingdom, § 2 of the State Immunity Act 1978 (SIA) provides an exception to State immunity if a State has “submitted” to the jurisdiction of UK domestic courts. In a 2024 decision, the English Court of Appeal considered whether, under § 2 of the SIA, a State’s adoption of the Convention on the Settlement…
Continue ReadingArbitration Enforcement and Consent
This Term, the Supreme Court will hear a case that could have profound ramifications for international arbitration: CC/Devas (Mauritius) Ltd. v. Antrix Corp. Ltd. The petitioners are seeking to enforce an arbitration award they won against a state-owned company in India. The district court enforced the award, relying on the New York Convention and the…
Continue ReadingDoes the New York Convention Apply to Investor-State Awards?
On August 9, 2024, in Zhongshan Fucheng Industrial Investment Co. v. Federal Republic of Nigeria, the D.C. Circuit held that Nigeria was not immune from suit to enforce an arbitral award for a Chinese investor under a bilateral investment treaty. The U.S. Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA) has an exception to state immunity for actions…
Continue ReadingImmediate Appeals in Foreign Sovereign Litigation
Foreign governments have many advantages in litigation. Chief among them is sovereign immunity. Under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, foreign states and their agencies and instrumentalities are immune from suit in United States courts unless the case falls within one of the statute’s specific exceptions to immunity. That substantive immunity also confers important procedural advantages. …
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