The United States is an outlier both in the amount of discovery permitted during litigation in its courts and in its willingness to assist evidence gathering on behalf of foreign and international courts. The readiness of U.S. courts to compel production by foreign parties of evidence located in foreign countries has at times spurred protests by those countries, particularly in the context of antitrust litigation. When that extraterritorial evidence is in the hands of a nonparty, U.S. courts must seek assistance from the country where the evidence is located because a court can only compel persons subject to its authority to testify or produce documents. To request such assistance, U.S. courts may invoke the Hague Evidence Convention or rely on letters rogatory, both of which are imperfect mechanisms. Meanwhile, Congress has broadly authorized the federal courts to assist with discovery on behalf of foreign or international tribunals through 28 U.S.C. § 1782.