Extraterritoriality refers to the application of a nation’s law to persons, conduct, or property outside its own territory. Customary international law allows nations to regulate extraterritorially on a number of different bases, including effects, nationality, and universal jurisdiction. Nations generally limit the extraterritorial application of their laws to a greater extent than customary international law requires. For example, the United States applies a presumption against extraterritoriality to federal law and sometimes imposes additional limitations as a matter of prescriptive comity. Some U.S. states have their own presumptions against extraterritoriality, which may differ from the federal presumption.
A Primer on Extraterritoriality
[Updated September 1, 2025] Extraterritoriality refers to the application of a state’s law beyond the state’s borders. Although the word “extraterritorial” often has negative connotations, international law permits a great deal of extraterritorial regulation. In a world where trade, information, crime, and lots of other things regularly cross borders, states often have an interest in…
Continue ReadingMaduro’s Capture Was Not a Legal “Law Enforcement Operation”
The international legal implications regarding the U.S. capture of Venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro are profound. I want to clarify just one misconception that appears to be growing in importance. The Trump Administration has downplayed the military aspects of the operation by asserting that the U.S. military was simply aiding a law enforcement effort to serve…
Continue ReadingAALS Conflicts Section Panel: Extraterritoriality in Flux
Those readers attending the AALS Annual Meeting in New Orleans might be interested in attending the panel sponsored by the Conflicts Section on January 9 at 8:00-9:15. The topic is “Extraterritoriality in Flux” and here is the description: In determining the law applicable in a particular case, a critical step is often to determine the…
Continue ReadingToshiba ADR Investors in a Catch-22
A recurring challenge in defining the geographic scope of U.S. securities law is how to characterize non-exchange-based transactions in American Depositary Receipts (ADRs). Under the Supreme Court’s Morrison test, such transactions have to qualify as “domestic” to trigger the application of U.S. law. If they don’t, the assumption is that investors would have to litigate…
Continue Reading