Forum Selection Clauses

A forum selection clause is a contractual provision that selects a court to resolve disputes. When suit is filed in a jurisdiction that is not the chosen forum, the clause may provide a basis for dismissal or transfer. When suit is filed in the chosen forum, the clause may provide a basis for asserting personal jurisdiction over the defendant.

A Primer on Forum Selection Clauses

By John F. Coyle
March 26, 2022 posted in: Forum Selection Clauses

A forum selection clause is a contractual provision that selects a specific court to resolve disputes. When suit is filed in a court that is not the chosen forum, the clause may provide a basis for dismissal or transfer. When suit is filed in the chosen forum, the clause may provide a basis for the…

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The Many Uses of the Forum Selection Clause

By John F. Coyle
May 22, 2025 posted in: Forum Selection Clauses

The forum selection clause is the Swiss Army Knife of transnational litigation. Among other things, it may be invoked to: obtain personal jurisdiction over a defendant who otherwise lacks any connection to the chosen jurisdiction; dismiss a case filed in a jurisdiction other than the one named in the clause; defeat an attempt to enforce…

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Forum Selection Clauses in California

By John F. Coyle
April 22, 2025 posted in: Forum Selection Clauses

In 2024, more than 1.2 million civil lawsuits were filed in California. While most of these suits were between U.S. residents, some of them grew out of international contracts. Some of these international contracts, in turn, contained forum selection clauses choosing the courts of a foreign country. In this post, I take a close look…

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Is It Too Dangerous To Litigate In Israel?

By John F. Coyle
April 15, 2025 posted in: Forum Selection Clauses

Many international contracts contain forum selection clauses stating that litigation must occur in the courts of a particular country. While these clauses provide a welcome measure of certainty as to where future disputes will be resolved, they are sometimes viewed as inconvenient by plaintiffs who would prefer to sue in the United States. In an…

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Resources

Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws § 80

Model Choice of Forum Act

Statutes Directing Courts to Enforce Forum Selection Clauses

Statutes Directing Courts to Ignore Forum Selection Clauses

The Bremen v. Zapata Off-Shore Co., 407 U.S. 1 (1972)

Carnival Cruise Lines, Inc. v. Shute, 499 U.S. 585 (1991)

Atlantic Marine Construction Co. v. U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas, 571 U.S. 49 (2013)

Bibliography

John F. Coyle, Financial Hardship and Forum Selection Clauses, 103 N.C. L. Rev. (forthcoming 2024)

John F. Coyle & F. Andrew Hessick, Erie and Forum Selection Clauses, 2024 U. Ill. L. Rev. (forthcoming) (SSRN)

John F. Coyle. "Contractually Valid" Forum Selection Clauses, 108 Iowa L. Rev. 127 (2022) (SSRN)

Gary B. Born, The Hague Convention on Choice of Court Agreements: A Critical Assessment, 169 U. Penn. L. Rev. 2079 (2021) (Penn)

John F. Coyle & Robin J. Effron, Forum Selection Clauses, Non-Signatories, and Personal Jurisdiction, 97 Notre Dame L. Rev. 187 (2021) (SSRN)

John F. Coyle & Katherine C. Richardson, Enforcing Outbound Forum Selection Clauses in State Court, 96 Ind. L.J. 1089 (2021) (SSRN)

John F. Coyle & Katherine C. Richardson, Enforcing Inbound Forum Selection Clauses in State Court, 53 Ariz. St. L.J. 65 (2021) (SSRN)

John F. Coyle, Cruise Contracts, Public Policy, and Foreign Forum Selection Clauses, 75 U. Miami L. Rev. 1087 (2021) (SSRN)

Tanya J. Monestier, Damages for Breach of a Forum Selection Clause, 58 Am. Bus. L.J. 271 (2021) (SSRN)

Cara Reichard, Keeping Litigation at Home: The Role of States in Preventing Unjust Choice of Forum, 129 Yale L.J. 866 (2020) (Yale)

John F. Coyle, Interpreting Forum Selection Clauses, 104 Iowa L. Rev. 1791 (2019) (SSRN)

Julian Nyarko, We’ll See You in . . . Court! The Lack of Arbitration Clauses in International Commercial Contracts, 58 Int’l Rev. L. & Econ. 6 (2019) (SSRN)

John F. Coyle & Christopher R. Drahozal, An Empirical Study of Dispute Resolution Clauses in International Supply Contracts, 52 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 323 (2019) (SSRN)

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Patrick J. Borchers, Forum Selection Agreements in the Federal Courts After Carnival Cruise: A Proposal for Congressional Reform, 67 Wash. L. Rev. 55 (1992) (Washington)

Edward A. Purcell, Jr., Geography as a Litigation Weapon: Consumers, Forum-Selection Clauses, and the Rehnquist Court, 40 UCLA L. Rev. 423 (1992) (NYLS)

Linda S. Mullenix, Another Easy Case, Some More Bad Law: Carnival Cruise Lines and Contractual Personal Jurisdiction, 27 Tex. Int’l L.J. 323 (1992) (SSRN)

Lee Goldman, My Way and the Highway: The Law and Economics of Choice of Forum Clauses in Consumer Form Contracts, 86 Nw. U. L. Rev. 700 (1992)

Leandra Lederman, Viva Zapata!: Toward a Rational System of Forum-Selection Clause Enforcement in Diversity Cases, 66 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 422 (1991) (Indiana)

Robert A. de By, Forum Selection Clauses: Substantive or Procedural for Erie Purposes, 89 Colum. L. Rev. 1068 (1989) (JSTOR)

Linda S. Mullenix, Another Choice of Forum, Another Choice of Law: Consensual Adjudicatory Procedure in Federal Court, 57 Fordham L. Rev. 291 (1988) (Texas)

Michael Gruson, Forum-Selection Clauses in International and Interstate Commercial Agreements, 1982 U. Ill. L. Rev. 133

James T. Gilbert, Choice of Forum Clauses in International and Interstate Contracts, 65 Ky. L.J. 1 (1976) (Kentucky)

Willis L. M. Reese, The Model Choice of Forum Act, 17 Am. J. Comp. L. 292 (1969) (Oxford)